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Time
GMT: Greenwich Mean Time
UTC: Universal Coordinated Time (formerly GMT)
DST: Daylight Savings Time: add an hour forward to the time
IDL: The International Date Line
Crossing in an easterly direction, go back a day
Crossing in a westerly direction, go forward a day15° = 1 hour
Parallels of Latitude
Parallels of latitude are the circles that go around the globe, and a parallel to each other. They are the North or South part.The equator is in the middle and is 0°.
The Equator is the ONLY great circle of latitude.
Anything above (north) or below (south) the equator is a small circle.
90° North is the North Pole.
90° South is the South Pole.The radius of the equator is 6400km.
Small circles have a smaller radius, in relationship to how far away from the equator they are.
Meridians Of Longitude
Meridians of longitude go up and down the globe and are the East or West part.
The prime meridian is 0°, and is located at Greenwich (England)
(this is NOT on your formula sheet so learn it!!!)
nautical miles → degrees: ÷ 60
degrees → nautical miles × 60Spherical Distance
$$L=\frac{\theta}{360}\times 2\pi r$$
where θ is the angular distance and r = the radius (6400 for the Earth)
Time Zones
East is ahead in time, the more east, the more ahead.
West is behind in time, the more west, the more behind.Sydney is located at (34°S, 150°E). Los Angeles is located at (34°N, 119°W).
a. It is 11 pm in Los Angeles on a Monday. What is the day and time in Sydney?
b. A jet leaves Los Angeles at 11 pm on Monday and flies non-stop to Sydney, arriving after being 15 hours in the air. What is the day and time the jet arrives in Sydney?
Step 1: Draw a line and decide which end of the line to put each position coordinate on. If it is east and west, east goes on the right, and west goes on the left. Label the points. 
Step 2: Calculate the difference in the angles (remember if they are opposite, add, same subtract). 119° + 150° = 269° Step 3: Calculate the time difference by dividing 269 by 15 (15° = 1 hour)
(hint: if you get a decimal number, hit the degrees and minutes button to change into hours and minutes)269 ÷ 15 = 17.93333 = 17 h 56 mins Step 4: Calculate the time. Since we have the time on the left, we need to find the time on the right, hence we count forward by 17 h 56 mins. 11pm Monday + 17 h 56 m =
4:56 pm TuesdayStep 5: If it takes 15 hours to fly, then we have to count forward by 15 hours from 4:46 pm on Tuesday to find the arrival time. 4:56 pm + 15 hours = 7:46 am Wed Birmingham is (54°N, 2°W) and Novosibirsk is (54°N, 83°E). A plane leaves Novosibirsk at 9:00am (local time) for Birmingham. The flight takes nine hours. What is the local time in Birmingham when the plane arrives? Step 1: Draw a line and decide which end of the line to put each position coordinate on. If it is east and west, east goes on the right, and west goes on the left. Label the points. 
Step 2: Calculate the difference in the angles (remember if they are opposite, add, same subtract). 2° + 83 ° = 85° Step 3: Calculate the time difference by dividing 85 by 15 (15° = 1 hour)
(hint: if you get a decimal number, hit the degrees and minutes button to change into hours and minutes)85 ÷ 15 = 5.6666 = 5 h 40 mins Step 4: Calculate the time. Since we have the time on the right, we need to find the time on the left, hence we count backwards by 5 h 40 mins. 9 am – 5 h 40 mins = 3:20 am Step 5: If it takes 9 hours to fly, then we have to count forward by 15 hours from 3:20 am to find the arrival time. 3:20 am + 9 hours = 12:20 pm
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